Background: The Malaria Vector Genome Observatory (VObs) comprises data from whole-genome sequencing of ~30,000 mosquitoes, and is the largest public dataset of natural genome variation for any species of multicellular organism apart from humans. Data currently represent mosquitoes from >30 countries and >15 species within 3 species complexes (soon to be 5). Alongside these comprehensive data, VObs provides tools and training within a robust cloud-native ecosystem designed to facilitate access and accelerate analysis and sharing of genomic insights to detect and characterise emerging evolutionary threats to malaria vector control in Africa and Asia. Our data sharing accord enables the accessibility and utility of genomic data as a tool for public health vector surveillance, while protecting contributor ownership. We describe the ecosystem, and explore how VObs is transforming our understanding of insecticide resistance and population biology.